1952 - Defiance Campaign

The ANC came to life again under a vigorous president, Albert Luthuli, and three younger men—Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo, and Nelson Mandela. They made efforts to replicate aspects of the Gandhi movement of non-violent resistance to fight for freedom. The ANC organized the Defiance Campaign and led thousands of volunteers to defy discriminatory laws passively through boycotts, sit-ins, and acts of civil disobedience and burning their passbooks. Their efforts were largely ineffective.